Surprising astronomers: Infamous 3I/ATLAS comet covered in ice volcanoes

As comet 3I/ATLAS speeds through the solar system, scientists are uncovering surprising features of this rare celestial traveler. Being only the second interstellar object ever observed in our solar system, it ranks among the fastest comets on record. Recent observations suggest that the comet might be covered with active icy cryovolcanoes, a discovery that could reshape our understanding of how comets form both in deep space and within our solar system.

About 3I/ATLAS

First spotted in July, 3I/ATLAS has captured worldwide scientific attention. Researchers globally have focused their telescopes and instruments on the comet as it races through space at roughly 130,000 miles per hour. The comet offers an unprecedented glimpse of ancient deep-space material, having never previously passed close to a star, making it essentially a pristine relic from billions of years ago.

In addition to its speed, 3I/ATLAS has displayed unexpected surface activity. Observations recorded a sustained increase in brightness when the comet was about 2.5 astronomical units from the Sun, around 185.9 million miles. This steady surge indicates a large-scale surface eruption rather than a sudden explosive event.

Cryovolcanism on the Comet

Astronomers believe that the comets unusual brightness is caused by cryovolcanism. Unlike volcanic eruptions on Earth, which involve molten rock, cryovolcanoes expel liquid water, vapor, and other materials. While similar activity has been observed on moons like Europa and Enceladus, seeing it on a comet is exceptionally rare.

The cryovolcanism on 3I/ATLAS is particularly striking because it lacks a protective dust layer common on comets in our solar system, allowing the entire icy surface to erupt noticeably. Analysis of reflected light indicates the comets composition is similar to carbonaceous chondrites, ancient meteorites rich in metals like nickel and iron, which may drive the cryovolcanic activity. As surface ice melts, it interacts with metal grains inside, releasing gases such as carbon dioxide and fueling the icy eruptions.

Implications for Comet Formation

If these findings are confirmed, they challenge traditional models of comet formation. Rather than forming as a uniform mixture of rock, ice, and minimal metals, comets might originate under more varied conditions. The study emphasizes that interstellar visitors like 3I/ATLAS continue to refine our understanding of how planetary systems form and the chemical evolution of small celestial bodies, revealing properties that push the boundaries of current models.

Author: Maya Henderson